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Diphthongs
الأحد أبريل 18, 2010 9:41 pm
Click on the picture, listen to the word and the sound, and repeat.
amona- عدد الرسائل : 3
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رد: Diphthongs
الجمعة مايو 28, 2010 5:11 pm
مش فاهمة ال diphthongs بليييييييز حد يساعدنى
- Ms.Fatenالادارة
- عدد الرسائل : 2335
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العمل/الترفيه : معلمة لغة انجليزية و مترجمة
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رد: Diphthongs
الجمعة مايو 28, 2010 10:23 pm
[b]Diphthongisation
Diphthongs are essentially single vowel phonemes that consist of two
pure vowel targets in sequence. In diphthongs it is often assumed
that both targets have equal importance and one does not dominate
the other in determining the identity of the vowel. When an
initial brief vowel gesture is dominated by a following full
target the initial gesture is referred to as an onglide.
When a final brief vowel gesture is dominated by a preceding vowel
target the brief final gesture is referred to as an offglide. Sometimes diphthongisation can be
extended to three vowel targets in triphthongs.
Two identical sequences can be identified as a single diphthong
phoneme in one language and as a monophthong phoneme plus a
semi-vowel phoneme in another language.
Transcription
Diphthongs are ideally transcribed as a sequence of two vowel
symbols that represent, as closely as possible, the pronunciation
of each of the two targets.
eg. /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /æɔ/
Onglides are usually indicated by a preceding superscript and
offglides by a following superscript of a symbol appropriate to the
pronunciation of the glide gesture. Such glides are very often
schwas, but this is certainly not always the case.
eg. [əi] [ɔə]
Examples
See the topic "The Vowels of Australian English and Other English
Dialects" for examples of diphthongs from Australian English
and other English dialects.
Nasalisation of Vowels
In the lecture on vowels we have already dealt briefly with
nasalised vowels. This vowel nasalisation is a complex articulation
and is an example of simultaneous nasalisation. Such contrastive
simultaneous nasalisation must not be confused with contextual and
pervasive nasality. Contextual nasality occurs in vowels, as well
as approximants and fricatives, when they are adjacent to nasal stops.
Pervasive nasality is nasality that occurs throughout a person's
speech as a result of habit, dialect or pathology. Simultaneous
nasalisation of consonants is very rare as a contrastive feature
in languages.
Transcription
Simultaneous nasalisation is transcribed by placing the "tilde"
symbol ̃over the symbol for the sound being nasalised.
eg. [ẽ], [æ̃], [ɐ̃]
Examples
See the web page on Vowel Systems for examples of languages with
vowel systems that include contrastive vowel nasalisation.
Vowel Retroflexion
Vowel retroflexion introduces an r-colouration to a vowel, usually
by curling the tongue tip up and back from its normal position, but
without moving the tongue body from it normal position for that
vowel. Such vowels are often called "rhoticised" vowels. This
vowel feature is commonly found in the speech of many American and
Irish speakers of English. It occurs in the environment of a
following [ɹ] but in some cases the rhoticised vowel is all that
remains of a deleted following [ɹ] or alternatively the vowel is
completely deleted and the [ɹ] becomes syllabic.
Transcription
In the past vowel retroflexion was sometimes indicated by a
following superscript "ɹ" as in [əɹ]. The current IPA
standard recommends instead the following transcription:-
eg. [a˞] [ɔ˞] [ə˞] (ie. the affected vowel followed by the
diacritic ˞ )
Examples
Badaga (Dravidian Language, India) has
two degrees of vowel retroflexion
(but the intermediate contrast is disappearing)
[be] "mouth" [be˞] "bangle" [be˞
˞] "crop" [kaːsu] "coin"
[ka˞ ːsu] "spread out" [ka˞ ˞ ːsu] "remove"
[/b]
Diphthongs are essentially single vowel phonemes that consist of two
pure vowel targets in sequence. In diphthongs it is often assumed
that both targets have equal importance and one does not dominate
the other in determining the identity of the vowel. When an
initial brief vowel gesture is dominated by a following full
target the initial gesture is referred to as an onglide.
When a final brief vowel gesture is dominated by a preceding vowel
target the brief final gesture is referred to as an offglide. Sometimes diphthongisation can be
extended to three vowel targets in triphthongs.
Two identical sequences can be identified as a single diphthong
phoneme in one language and as a monophthong phoneme plus a
semi-vowel phoneme in another language.
Transcription
Diphthongs are ideally transcribed as a sequence of two vowel
symbols that represent, as closely as possible, the pronunciation
of each of the two targets.
eg. /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /æɔ/
Onglides are usually indicated by a preceding superscript and
offglides by a following superscript of a symbol appropriate to the
pronunciation of the glide gesture. Such glides are very often
schwas, but this is certainly not always the case.
eg. [əi] [ɔə]
Examples
See the topic "The Vowels of Australian English and Other English
Dialects" for examples of diphthongs from Australian English
and other English dialects.
Nasalisation of Vowels
In the lecture on vowels we have already dealt briefly with
nasalised vowels. This vowel nasalisation is a complex articulation
and is an example of simultaneous nasalisation. Such contrastive
simultaneous nasalisation must not be confused with contextual and
pervasive nasality. Contextual nasality occurs in vowels, as well
as approximants and fricatives, when they are adjacent to nasal stops.
Pervasive nasality is nasality that occurs throughout a person's
speech as a result of habit, dialect or pathology. Simultaneous
nasalisation of consonants is very rare as a contrastive feature
in languages.
Transcription
Simultaneous nasalisation is transcribed by placing the "tilde"
symbol ̃over the symbol for the sound being nasalised.
eg. [ẽ], [æ̃], [ɐ̃]
Examples
See the web page on Vowel Systems for examples of languages with
vowel systems that include contrastive vowel nasalisation.
Vowel Retroflexion
Vowel retroflexion introduces an r-colouration to a vowel, usually
by curling the tongue tip up and back from its normal position, but
without moving the tongue body from it normal position for that
vowel. Such vowels are often called "rhoticised" vowels. This
vowel feature is commonly found in the speech of many American and
Irish speakers of English. It occurs in the environment of a
following [ɹ] but in some cases the rhoticised vowel is all that
remains of a deleted following [ɹ] or alternatively the vowel is
completely deleted and the [ɹ] becomes syllabic.
Transcription
In the past vowel retroflexion was sometimes indicated by a
following superscript "ɹ" as in [əɹ]. The current IPA
standard recommends instead the following transcription:-
eg. [a˞] [ɔ˞] [ə˞] (ie. the affected vowel followed by the
diacritic ˞ )
Examples
Badaga (Dravidian Language, India) has
two degrees of vowel retroflexion
(but the intermediate contrast is disappearing)
[be] "mouth" [be˞] "bangle" [be˞
˞] "crop" [kaːsu] "coin"
[ka˞ ːsu] "spread out" [ka˞ ˞ ːsu] "remove"
[/b]
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رد: Diphthongs
الأحد مارس 18, 2012 2:54 am
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رد: Diphthongs
الأربعاء مارس 28, 2012 11:22 pm
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